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musical quotation
Musical quotation is the practice of directly quoting another work in a new composition. The quotation may be from the same composer's work (self-referential), or from a different composer's work (appropriation).
Sometimes the quotation is done for the purposes of characterization, as in Puccini's use of ''The Star-Spangled Banner'' in reference to the American character Lieutenant Pinkerton in his opera ''Madama Butterfly'', or in Tchaikovsky's use of the Russian and French national anthems in the ''1812 Overture'', which depicted a battle between the Russian and French armies.
Sometimes, there is no explicit characterization involved, as in Luciano Berio using brief quotes from Gustav Mahler, Claude Debussy, Maurice Ravel and others in his ''Sinfonia''.
==Quotation vs. variation==
Musical quotation is to be distinguished from variation, where a composer takes a theme (their own or another's) and writes variations on it. In that case, the origin of the theme is usually acknowledged in the title (e.g., Johannes Brahms's ''Variations on a Theme by Haydn''). In the case of quotations, an explicit acknowledgment sometimes appears in the score. For example, in Schumann's ''Carnaval'', in the section "Florestan" he quotes a theme from his earlier work ''Papillons'', Op. 2, and the inscription "(Papillon?)" is written underneath the notes. In the final section "Marche des Davidsbündler contre les Philistins", he again quotes the same theme, but without acknowledgement. In that final section, he also quotes another theme first used in ''Papillons'', the traditional ''Grossvater Tanz'' (Grandfather Dance), but this time the inscription is "Thème du XVIIème siècle".
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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